For September 30, 2020 release
Contact:
Kevin McManemin
908-698-9473
kmcmanemin@thenicholsonfoundation.org
or
Rich Higginson
908-763-0857
richard_higginson@fdu.edu
MADISON, New Jersey, Sept 30, 2020 – COVID-19 has driven some New Jersey parents with children under 3 years old out of the workforce—predominately women—and reduced affordable quality child care options, according to a new online statewide survey. Nearly 40% of parents using child care surveyed said it was more difficult to find affordable child care since the pandemic began. Since the state reopened child care on June 15th, 38% of parents with children under three report their child care costs have increased. More Hispanic (53%) and Black (41%) families report their child care costs have increased when compared to that of non-Hispanic White families (31%). The Fairleigh Dickinson University Poll conducted the survey of more than 900 parents of infants and toddlers in August 2020 with support from The Nicholson Foundation.
Since the pandemic began, more than one in 10 (14%) parents of young children in New Jersey indicated they quit their jobs to help manage child care, with six times more women impacted than men (19% versus 3%). Seventeen percent of parents indicated they were forced to reduce their work hours and 8% said they took an unpaid leave of absence.
“Even under normal circumstances, balancing child care and work can be challenging. COVID-19 has certainly made it much harder,” said Kimberly Boller, Ph.D., Chief Strategy and Evaluation Officer at The Nicholson Foundation. “COVID-19 has greatly increased the child care burden on parents, making it more difficult to work outside the home and find high-quality, affordable care for infants and toddlers.”
The need for safe, high quality child care was great during New Jersey’s shutdown from March through June because the study also finds nearly 70% of parents of infants and toddlers were employed or in training, with more than half indicating their jobs were considered ‘essential.’
The COVID-19 shutdown took its toll on New Jersey’s workforce. While 74% indicated they used child care from January through March 2020, in line with national trends, the number of parents of infants and toddlers using child care decreased to 58% since June 15th, when child care centers were permitted to open beyond families of essential workers. Many parents also worry about safety, with more than a third (35%) of those who chose not to use child care after the June 15th indicating they were worried about COVID-19 exposure.
Both during the period before COVID-19 and since June 15th, when child care centers reopened, the responsibility for providing child care for infants and toddlers falls squarely on relatives. Of those who use any type of child care, 50% report that care was provided by a relative. Among those using family members since June 15th, grandparents (75%) bear the bulk of the care. This means that overall, a third of all child care for infants and toddlers since June 15th is being provided by grandparents.
“The findings of this survey confirm that child care is a critical need for children, parents and the economy,” said Cecilia Zalkind, President & CEO, Advocates for Children of New Jersey. “We must fully invest in high-quality child care for infants and toddlers if we want to support both their intellectual and emotional growth and get people back to work.”
Most parents (76%) believe child care centers should receive funding to help with the increased costs of remaining open during the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 17% of parents of infants and toddlers believe they should shoulder the full cost of this child care funding. Consistent with national survey findings, a majority of New Jersey parents of infants and toddlers believe funding for the cost of remaining open should come from either the federal (77%) or state government (68%).
“Without adequate child care, everything I’ve worked for will crumble,” said Newark resident Jheryn Kenney. She recently returned to work after making the decision to send her toddler and her 6-year-old child to child care/school with in-person learning.
“My husband and I are concerned about the risk of exposure to the virus, but we’re hoping for the best. It was the best option because more than half my income is commission-based, so by not working, I’m compromising my ability to financially contribute to our family’s needs,” Kenney explained. “I still have not returned fully, as hours are limited. My daughter gets out of school at 3:00 p.m. and my son, 4:30 p.m. So I do my best every day to accomplish between 9:00 a.m. and 2:20 p.m. what others accomplish in a full day.”
Methodology
This study was funded by The Nicholson Foundation and conducted by the FDU Poll. The online survey was designed to provide estimates of adults in New Jersey with children age 35 months and younger. The survey was conducted August 17-24, 2020 with 914 adults residing in New Jersey.
This survey used a nonprobability sample source. Market Knowledge Online provided the sample, and individuals included are those who responded to invitations to participate in the survey. The Market Knowledge Online sample was selected based on quotas related to living in New Jersey with children 35 months or younger in the household. Surveys were conducted in English and via the web only. For panel recruitment, Market Knowledge Online uses invitations of all types including email invitations, phone alerts, banners, and messaging on panel community sites to include people with a diversity of motivations to take part in research.
Because nonprobability panels do not start with a frame where there is a known probability of selection, standard measures of sampling error and response rates cannot be calculated.
Question wording and order
Q18 Were you employed, in school, or in training during the COVID-19 shutdown (March through June 2020)?
Yes
No (Skip to Q20)
Q19 Was your job classified as 'essential' or necessary during the COVID-10 shutdown (March through June 2020)?
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Not Sure
Q23 Please indicate which kinds of child care you used for your infant/toddler prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (from January through March 2020). Check all that apply.
I did not use any type of child care (Skip to Q25)
Child care center (Skip to Q26)
Home based child care provided by a non-relative in their own home (Skip to Q26)
Care provided by a nanny in your own home (Skip to Q26)
Care provided by a family member in his or her home
Care provided by a family member in your home
Q24 Which family member(s) provided care for your infant/toddler? (Check all that apply)
Spouse/Partner (Not the child's other parent or guardian)
Grandparent
Sibling of parent (Aunt or Uncle)
Sibling of child (Under age 18)
Sibling of child (Over age 18)
Other family member (e.g., cousins) ______________
(Skip to Q26
Q30 During a typical week between January and March 2020, how many days was your infant/toddler in child care?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q31 Typically, how many hours a day was your infant/toddler in child care?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12+
Q33 From January to March 2020, as a result of issues related to child care for infant/toddler, had you ever...(Check all that apply). (Rotate)
Changed from full-time to part time work or reduced your hours
Had your hours involuntarily reduced by your employer
Been demoted or transferred
Turned down a promotion /reassignment/new job
Been reprimanded or fired
Arrived late for work
Missed participating in work related education/training
Needed to leave work early
Not been able to attend classes or a training program
Other (Specify) __________________________________
None of the above
Q37 Please indicate which kinds of child care, if any, you used for your infant/toddler since June 15th. Check all that apply.
I did not use any type of child care (Skip to Q50)
Child care center (Skip to Q41)
Home based child care provided by a non-relative in their own home (Skip to Q41)
Care provided by a nanny in your own home (Skip to Q41)
Care provided by a family member in his or her home
Care provided by a family member in your home
Q38 Which family member(s) provided care for your infant/toddler? (Check all that apply)
Spouse/Partner (Not the child's other parent or guardian)
Grandparent
Sibling of parent (Aunt or Uncle)
Sibling of child (Under age 18)
Sibling of child (Over age 18)
Other family member (e.g., cousins) ________________
Q39 Why didn't you use child care since June 15th, 2020? (Check all that apply.) (Rotate)
Currently unemployed
Stay-at-home parent
Utilizing paid/unpaid leave
The hours I work or attend school allow me to be flexible and care for my child
Child is beginning preschool
The cost has increased
My child care provider has closed
My child care provider is no longer accepting infants 0-11 months
My child care provider is no longer accepting children 12 to 36 months
My prior child care provider does not have room for my child
Care quality does not meet my requirements
I am worried about COVID-19 exposure or safety requirements
Made other arrangements for now
My spouse/partner cares for them
Other (Specify) ________________________________________________
(Skip to Q50)
(Display Q42 only if using child care both Pre & Post Covid)
Q42 Comparing the cost of child care per month for your primary infant/toddler care arrangement before COVID and the cost now, has the amount...?
Stayed the same
Decreased
Increased by $1-49 per month
Increased by $50-99 per month
Increased by $100-149 per month
Increased by $150-199 per month
Increased by $300-399 per month
Increased by $400 or more per month
Q46 Since June 15th, how many days a week do you typically use child care for your infant/toddler?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q47 And about how many hours a day is your infant/toddler in child care?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12+
Q48 Since Covid-19, has finding quality child care within your budget become easier or more difficult than before, or has there been no change?
Much easier
Somewhat easier
The same
Somewhat more difficult
Much more difficult
Q50 How have you managed your work/school and child care since COVID-19? (Check all that apply) (Rotate)
I took a paid leave of absence
I took an unpaid leave of absence
I reduced my work hours
I quit my job
I worked off hours while my children needed attention
I was forced to multitask between work and caring for my child
I coordinated care with another adult in the house
I coordinated job share with another colleague
No changes required
Q53 If child care is deemed essential, should child care providers receive funding to cover additional costs of remaining open during COVID-19 closures?
Yes
No (Skip to Q55)
Not Sure (Skip to Q55)
Q54 Where should this funding come from for child care? (Check all that apply).
Federal government
State government
Donations or philanthropic organizations
Employers
Parents
Q55 The following questions are for demographic purposes only.
How old are you?
18 - 20
21 - 25
26 - 29
30 - 34
35 – 45
46 – 49
50 - 55
55 - 65
66 OR OVER
Q56 What was the last grade in school you completed?
8th Grade or Less
High School Incomplete (Grades 9, 10 and 11)
High School Complete (Grade 12)
Vocational/Technical School
Some College
Junior College Graduate (2 Year, Associates Degree)
4 Year College Graduate (Bachelor’s Degree)
Graduate Work (Masters, Law/Medical School, Etc.)
Q57 Last year, that is in 2019, what was your approximate total family income from all sources, before taxes?
Less than $25,000
$25,000 to under $50,000
$50,000 to under $75,000
$75,000 to under $100,000
$100,000 to under $150,000
$150,000 or more
Don’t know
Prefer not to answer
Q58 Are you currently employed full time, part time, or are you retired or not employed?
Full time
Part time
Retired
Not employed
Don't Know (VOL)
Refused (VOL)
Q59 And finally, are you...
Male
Female
Non-binary/transgender
Prefer not to answer
Tables [percentages may not equal 100 due to rounding]
|
Q18 Were you employed, in school, or in training during the COVID-19 shutdown (March through June 2020)? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
914 |
510 |
173 |
142 |
75 |
14 |
|
251 |
648 |
|
Yes |
68% |
69% |
70% |
71% |
53% |
79% |
|
82% |
63% |
|
No |
32% |
31% |
30% |
29% |
47% |
21% |
|
18% |
37% |
|
Q19 Was your job classified as 'essential' or necessary during the COVID-10 shutdown (March through June 2020)? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
613 |
345 |
117 |
100 |
40 |
11 |
|
204 |
400 |
|
Yes |
54% |
56% |
51% |
58% |
35% |
27% |
|
63% |
49% |
|
No |
38% |
39% |
37% |
29% |
53% |
27% |
|
30% |
41% |
|
Not Sure |
9% |
5% |
12% |
13% |
13% |
45% |
|
6% |
10% |
|
Q23 Please indicate which kinds of child care you used for your infant/toddler prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (from January through March 2020). (Check all that apply). |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
914 |
510 |
173 |
142 |
75 |
14 |
|
251 |
648 |
|
I did not use any type of child care |
26% |
25% |
28% |
28% |
23% |
43% |
|
16% |
30% |
|
Child care center |
34% |
33% |
28% |
37% |
47% |
7% |
|
42% |
30% |
|
Family member in your home |
21% |
24% |
17% |
15% |
23% |
43% |
|
25% |
20% |
|
Family member in his or her home |
19% |
20% |
21% |
19% |
15% |
7% |
|
19% |
20% |
|
Non-relative in their home |
16% |
16% |
17% |
17% |
9% |
14% |
|
23% |
12% |
|
Nanny in your home |
12% |
14% |
9% |
9% |
13% |
14% |
|
18% |
10% |
|
Q24 Which family member(s) provided care for your infant/toddler? (Check all that apply) (January through March 2020) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
Male |
Female |
|
|
N= |
314 |
189 |
56 |
39 |
23 |
7 |
|
90 |
223 |
|
Grandparent |
68% |
70% |
77% |
62% |
48% |
57% |
57% |
74% |
|
|
Spouse/Partner (Not the child's other parent or guardian) |
36% |
40% |
21% |
33% |
52% |
14% |
56% |
28% |
|
|
Aunt or Uncle |
24% |
23% |
27% |
31% |
17% |
29% |
22% |
25% |
|
|
Sibling of child (Under age 18) |
6% |
8% |
4% |
3% |
4% |
0% |
13% |
3% |
|
|
Sibling of child (Over age 18) |
5% |
4% |
11% |
5% |
0% |
0% |
7% |
4% |
|
|
Other family member (e.g., cousins) |
12% |
8% |
16% |
28% |
13% |
14% |
8% |
14% |
|
|
Q30 During a typical week between January and March 2020, how many days was your infant/toddler in child care? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
674 |
382 |
124 |
102 |
58 |
8 |
|
210 |
452 |
|
Mean |
4.13 |
4.24 |
4.16 |
3.75 |
4.12 |
3.38 |
|
4.20 |
4.12 |
|
Q31 Typically, how many hours a day was your infant/toddler in child care? (Jan-March) |
|||||||||
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
N= |
674 |
382 |
124 |
102 |
58 |
8 |
|
210 |
452 |
|
Mean |
6.73 |
6.98 |
6.77 |
6.05 |
6.34 |
5.50 |
|
6.48 |
6.92 |
|
Q33 From January to March 2020, as a result of issues related to child care for infant/toddler, had you ever...(Check all that apply). (Rotate) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
674 |
382 |
124 |
102 |
58 |
8 |
|
210 |
452 |
|
Needed to leave work early |
45% |
47% |
46% |
39% |
41% |
13% |
|
44% |
46% |
|
Arrived late for work |
39% |
41% |
35% |
45% |
29% |
38% |
|
39% |
41% |
|
Changed from full-time to part time work or reduced your hours |
17% |
16% |
20% |
15% |
22% |
13% |
|
16% |
17% |
|
Missed participating in work related education/training |
16% |
16% |
19% |
15% |
17% |
0% |
|
17% |
16% |
|
Not been able to attend classes or a training program |
15% |
13% |
13% |
25% |
16% |
13% |
|
13% |
15% |
|
Had your hours involuntarily reduced by your employer |
14% |
14% |
19% |
15% |
10% |
0% |
|
17% |
13% |
|
Turned down a promotion /reassignment/new job |
13% |
13% |
12% |
15% |
12% |
0% |
|
9% |
15% |
|
Been reprimanded or fired |
9% |
9% |
10% |
10% |
9% |
0% |
|
9% |
9% |
|
Been demoted or transferred |
5% |
5% |
2% |
4% |
9% |
0% |
|
3% |
5% |
|
Other (Specify) |
2% |
2% |
0% |
4% |
0% |
0% |
|
0% |
2% |
|
None of the above |
22% |
25% |
10% |
18% |
28% |
50% |
|
22% |
21% |
|
Q37 Please indicate which kinds of child care, if any, you used for your infant/toddler since June 15th. (Check all that apply). |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
914 |
510 |
173 |
142 |
75 |
14 |
|
251 |
648 |
|
I did not use any type of child care |
42% |
42% |
44% |
38% |
47% |
50% |
|
29% |
47% |
|
Care provided by a family member in your home |
22% |
23% |
20% |
21% |
21% |
29% |
|
28% |
20% |
|
Child care center |
20% |
21% |
19% |
22% |
12% |
7% |
|
29% |
16% |
|
Care provided by a family member in his or her home |
17% |
19% |
15% |
14% |
13% |
14% |
|
16% |
17% |
|
Home based child care provided by a non-relative in their own home |
11% |
10% |
14% |
13% |
12% |
7% |
|
18% |
8% |
|
Care provided by a nanny in your own home |
11% |
13% |
6% |
13% |
9% |
0% |
|
15% |
10% |
|
Q38 Which family member(s) provided care for your infant/toddler? (Check all that apply) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
236 |
143 |
45 |
26 |
17 |
5 |
|
62 |
172 |
|
Grandparent |
75% |
78% |
80% |
65% |
65% |
40% |
|
73% |
77% |
|
Sibling of parent (Aunt or Uncle) |
25% |
22% |
33% |
23% |
29% |
40% |
|
29% |
23% |
|
Sibling of child (Under age 18) |
10% |
13% |
4% |
0% |
18% |
0% |
|
21% |
6% |
|
Sibling of child (Over age 18) |
6% |
6% |
9% |
4% |
0% |
0% |
|
10% |
4% |
|
Other family member (e.g., cousins) ________________ |
11% |
8% |
9% |
27% |
6% |
20% |
|
10% |
11% |
|
Q39 Why didn't you use child care since June 15th, 2020? (Check all that apply.) (Rotate) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
380 |
209 |
76 |
53 |
35 |
7 |
|
72 |
302 |
|
Stay-at-home parent |
36% |
37% |
26% |
47% |
34% |
14% |
|
13% |
41% |
|
I am worried about COVID-19 exposure or safety requirements |
35% |
33% |
33% |
36% |
54% |
0% |
|
31% |
36% |
|
Currently unemployed |
19% |
20% |
22% |
19% |
14% |
0% |
|
8% |
21% |
|
My spouse/partner cares for them |
18% |
18% |
16% |
19% |
23% |
14% |
|
40% |
13% |
|
The hours I work or attend school allow me to be flexible and care for my child |
15% |
14% |
22% |
9% |
11% |
43% |
|
10% |
16% |
|
Made other arrangements for now |
8% |
9% |
7% |
9% |
6% |
0% |
|
6% |
8% |
|
My child care provider has closed |
6% |
6% |
7% |
4% |
11% |
0% |
|
13% |
4% |
|
The cost has increased |
4% |
2% |
3% |
9% |
11% |
0% |
|
0% |
5% |
|
Utilizing paid/unpaid leave |
4% |
5% |
3% |
2% |
3% |
0% |
|
6% |
3% |
|
Baby Just Born |
3% |
3% |
3% |
6% |
3% |
0% |
|
3% |
4% |
|
Child is beginning preschool |
3% |
3% |
1% |
2% |
3% |
14% |
|
4% |
2% |
|
Care quality does not meet my requirements |
3% |
1% |
3% |
6% |
9% |
0% |
|
3% |
3% |
|
My child care provider is no longer accepting infants 0-11 months |
2% |
1% |
1% |
2% |
6% |
0% |
|
0% |
2% |
|
My prior child care provider does not have room for my child |
1% |
1% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
14% |
|
1% |
1% |
|
My child care provider is no longer accepting children 12 to 36 months |
1% |
1% |
0% |
2% |
0% |
0% |
|
0% |
1% |
|
Q42 Comparing the cost of child care per month for your primary infant/toddler care arrangement before COVID and the cost now, has the amount...? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
491 |
280 |
85 |
83 |
37 |
6 |
|
171 |
312 |
|
Stayed the same |
47% |
54% |
34% |
40% |
27% |
83% |
|
41% |
51% |
|
Decreased |
15% |
14% |
13% |
19% |
24% |
0% |
|
19% |
13% |
|
Increased by $1-49 per month |
13% |
8% |
21% |
20% |
16% |
17% |
|
9% |
15% |
|
Increased by $50-99 per month |
11% |
10% |
14% |
11% |
11% |
0% |
|
12% |
9% |
|
Increased by $100-149 per month |
7% |
5% |
9% |
7% |
11% |
0% |
|
12% |
4% |
|
Increased by $150-199 per month |
3% |
4% |
6% |
1% |
3% |
0% |
|
3% |
4% |
|
Increased by $300-399 per month |
3% |
3% |
1% |
1% |
8% |
0% |
|
2% |
3% |
|
Increased by $400 or more per month |
2% |
3% |
1% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
|
2% |
1% |
|
Q46 Since June 15th, how many days a week do you typically use child care for your infant/toddler? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
526 |
298 |
94 |
88 |
39 |
7 |
|
178 |
339 |
|
Mean |
3.95 |
4.06 |
4.09 |
3.68 |
3.49 |
3.29 |
|
4.08 |
3.90 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q47 And about how many hours a day is your infant/toddler in child care? (Since June 15th) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
520 |
296 |
93 |
86 |
38 |
7 |
|
176 |
336 |
|
Mean |
6.38 |
6.69 |
6.11 |
5.71 |
6.29 |
5.86 |
|
6.48 |
6.41 |
|
Q48 Since Covid-19, has finding quality child care within your budget become easier or more difficult than before, or has there been no change? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
525 |
297 |
94 |
87 |
40 |
7 |
|
177 |
339 |
|
Much easier |
10% |
11% |
9% |
11% |
10% |
0% |
|
12% |
9% |
|
Somewhat easier |
14% |
13% |
10% |
22% |
18% |
14% |
|
16% |
14% |
|
The same |
36% |
36% |
37% |
36% |
30% |
71% |
|
40% |
35% |
|
Somewhat more difficult |
23% |
24% |
26% |
18% |
30% |
0% |
|
23% |
23% |
|
Much more difficult |
16% |
16% |
19% |
13% |
13% |
14% |
|
9% |
19% |
|
Q50 How have you managed your work/school and child care since COVID-19? (Check all that apply) (Rotate) |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
882 |
493 |
170 |
134 |
72 |
13 |
|
247 |
620 |
|
I coordinated care with another adult in the house |
36% |
39% |
33% |
26% |
33% |
54% |
|
46% |
32% |
|
I was forced to multitask between work and caring for my child |
35% |
39% |
29% |
36% |
29% |
15% |
|
40% |
34% |
|
I worked off hours while my children needed attention |
23% |
26% |
19% |
19% |
17% |
15% |
|
24% |
23% |
|
I reduced my work hours |
17% |
18% |
17% |
17% |
17% |
15% |
|
16% |
18% |
|
I quit my job |
14% |
13% |
13% |
16% |
22% |
0% |
|
3% |
19% |
|
I took a paid leave of absence |
10% |
11% |
10% |
11% |
10% |
8% |
|
11% |
10% |
|
I took an unpaid leave of absence |
8% |
8% |
8% |
7% |
13% |
0% |
|
9% |
8% |
|
I coordinated job share with another colleague |
7% |
6% |
9% |
10% |
7% |
8% |
|
13% |
5% |
|
Q53 If child care is deemed essential, should child care providers receive funding to cover additional costs of remaining open during COVID-19 closures? |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
N= |
890 |
500 |
165 |
140 |
72 |
13 |
|
243 |
635 |
|
Yes |
76% |
77% |
75% |
69% |
75% |
77% |
|
76% |
76% |
|
No |
12% |
12% |
9% |
16% |
10% |
23% |
|
14% |
11% |
|
Not Sure |
12% |
10% |
16% |
15% |
15% |
0% |
|
10% |
13% |
|
Q54 Where should this funding come from for child care? (Check all that apply). |
|||||||||
|
|
Total |
White |
Hispanic |
Black |
Asian |
Multi |
|
Male |
Female |
|
|
669 |
384 |
124 |
97 |
54 |
10 |
|
183 |
481 |
|
N= |
77% |
78% |
77% |
71% |
78% |
90% |
|
69% |
81% |
|
State government |
68% |
67% |
72% |
63% |
74% |
70% |
|
66% |
68% |
|
Donations or philanthropic organizations |
27% |
26% |
25% |
31% |
31% |
40% |
|
30% |
26% |
|
Employers |
22% |
21% |
16% |
24% |
30% |
50% |
|
30% |
19% |
|
Parents |
17% |
18% |
12% |
19% |
20% |
30% |
|
28% |
14% |